Bollywood

History and Origins

Bollywood traces its roots to Bombay’s first silent film, Raja Harishchandra (1913), directed by Dadasaheb Phalke. With the advent of sound in the 1930s, the industry solidified around Hindi-language musicals, blending song, dance, and melodrama. Major studios like Bombay Talkies and Filmistan flourished in the 1940s and ’50s, producing patriotic dramas during India’s independence movement. Iconic figures—Devika Rani, Raj Kapoor, Nargis—shaped Bollywood’s golden age, while composers such as Naushad and S.D. Burman forged its inimitable soundscape.

Structure and Production

Bollywood operates on a star-driven, studio–independent hybrid model. Unlike Hollywood’s centralized studio system, Mumbai’s industry comprises dozens of production houses—Yash Raj Films, Dharma Productions, T-Series—that bankroll 1,500+ features annually. Films often shoot on location across India and abroad, employing elaborate dance sequences choreographed by specialists. Budgets range from micro-indie to lavish spectacles: for example, Baahubali 2 (2017) set a new precedent with a ₹250 crore budget. Distribution relies on both domestic circuits—single-screen theaters and multiplex chains—and an expanding overseas market, particularly in the UK, USA, and Middle East.

Cultural Impact and Global Reach

Bollywood has transcended regional confines, influencing global pop culture through its song-and-dance format and vibrant aesthetics. Diaspora communities propelled overseas box office success—Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) ran in Mumbai’s Maratha Mandir for over 25 years. Streaming platforms now commission crossover projects, blending Western and Indian sensibilities. Bollywood’s tropes—grand reunions, family sagas, star cameos—have inspired international filmmakers and spawned fan conventions from London to Toronto. Its music, remixed and sampled worldwide, remains a cornerstone of South Asian identity and soft power.