Unknown: Cave of Bones 2023

Expedition carried out in the Rising Star Mines of the Malmani Dolomites in South Africa led to remarkable discoveries. Paleontologist and National Geographic explorer in residence, Lee Berger, was summoned to spearhead a mission to unlock the mysteries concealed within these interconnected caves. His team’s groundbreaking work resulted in the unearthing of over a thousand specimens belonging to a previously unknown species, now termed Homo Naledi.

In 2013, as Lee Berger took charge of the excavation in the Rising Star Cave System, the discoveries made would ultimately reshape paleoanthropological understandings globally. Typically, finding just a few bones at a site is considered monumental; however, this team stumbled upon more than 1,500 bone fragments from 15 individuals, all from one species. The excitement among the experts was palpable as they realized they stood on the brink of an astonishing revelation that could entirely overhaul humanity’s understanding of its origins.

To bolster the team, Augustin Fuentes, an evolutionary anthropologist, was invited to join the expedition, for Lee Berger knew that a multitude of experts was essential for such an unprecedented discovery. Little did they know the astonishing secrets hidden within the cave system. The bones they excavated dated back approximately 250,000 years, fascinating the researchers as they ventured deeper into the cave in hopes of envisioning the form and lifestyle of Homo Naledi.

The cave consisted of three distinct sections: the initial command center chamber, a narrow point known as the Dragon’s Back, and a 12-meter vertical chute. The tightness of the chute was daunting, potentially causing even the slimmest of men to feel claustrophobic. Ultimately, it led to the innermost chamber, called Dinaledi, which held the promise of the most significant secrets.

Despite having previously declared he wouldn’t attempt to navigate the chute, the allure proved too strong for Lee Berger, who eventually embarked down into the depths nearly eight years after the start of their excavation, seeking firsthand the wonders other geologists had described. Neither Lee Berger nor Augustin Fuentes anticipated the realization that their newfound fossil species could exhibit intricate behaviors akin to early human practices. Upon discovery, the team found evidence of a cluster of bones buried in the soil; this suggested that Homo Naledi partook in burial practices, challenging everything they previously understood about prehistoric human behaviors.

Traditionally, only modern humans had been known to practice burial rituals. The implications of such findings were staggering and would necessitate a reevaluation of historical practices. Before their findings, the oldest documented human burials outside Africa, from two cave sites in Israel, dated back to 100,000 years. The Homo Naledi, however, had engaged in these rituals much earlier. The very idea of burial signifies a profound understanding of loss and the social fabric that binds communities; the realization that Naledi may have had a belief in the afterlife added further complexity to their existence.

Concerning the doubts cast by skeptics suggesting that the small size of the Naledi’s brain inhibited their capacity for ritual, the excavators connected their findings to a broader philosophical question: What does it mean to be human? The notion that Homo Naledi buried their dead suggests they harbored feelings toward their dead and possibly enacted rituals to honor them.

Alongside these revelations, the team revealed evidence suggesting that a fire was utilized for cooking within the Dragon’s Back chamber, essential for navigating the pitch-black depths of the caves. Speculating how the Naledi might have collectively transported the deceased into the Dinaledi chamber, the team imagined a coordinated, communal effort necessitating fire and tools. It became a poignant consideration that love and companionship might have been motivating factors during these burials.

Adding another layer to their discoveries, the team excavated the skeleton of a child encased within a stone block, using a plaster jacket for extraction. This revelation led to yet another astonishing find; alongside the child’s remains lay a tool carved from rock, indicating that Homo Naledi not only engaged in daily tasks but perhaps even possessed a belief in an afterlife.

As the team endeavored to reconstruct their findings and visualize what Homo Naledi may have physically resembled, they concluded that these ancestors had a humanoid structure, characterized by protruding jaws, elongated arms, and distinctive flat noses. Despite their similarities to modern humans, they displayed unique differences that set them apart, emphasizing their evolutionary significance.

Emerging as a part of the Homo genus, Homo Naledi perplexingly possessed a significantly smaller brain—only about a third the size of modern humans’. Eventually, in a pivotal moment during the film, Lee Berger ventured down the chute, discovering wall carvings that suggested Homo Naledi possessed the intellect required to create art. This discovery sent ripples through the paleoanthropological community, with Berger moved to tears, overwhelmed by the revelations unfolding before him.

From their artistry to their potential spirituality, evidence accumulated suggested that Homo Naledi did indeed possess rudimentary culture, pointing towards concepts like religion, death, and possibly even an understanding of the afterlife. One could only wonder what additional revelations might still lie hidden within the Earth’s ancient past.